From the Washington Post

REFUGEES TRAVEL DEEPER INTO TURKEY TO ESCAPE IRAQI TROOPS
Jonathan C. RandalWashington Post Foreign Service

September 5, 1988; Page a19
Kurdish refugees, having sought asylum in a mountainous ravine near here, moved inland today in Turkish trucks, away from advancing Iraqi troops now positioned atop a ridge overlooking the border.The emergency transport operation, in which about 1,400 Kurdish rebels and their families were shuttled 100 miles in dozens of open-air trucks, was the latest development in a growing refugee crisis stemming from the Iraqi Army's 10-day-old offensive against the rebels.The offensive began…

KURDS TELL OF MASS GASSINGS
REFUGEES DESCRIBE DEFEAT BY IRAQIS AS MOST SWEEPING EVER
Jonathan C. RandalWashington Post Foreign Service

September 7, 1988; Page a1
A sustained Iraqi offensive, involving 60,000 Army troops and helicopter gunships suspected of dropping chemical weapons, has dealt Kurdish nationalists their most serious setback in their half-century struggle for an autonomous homeland, according to Kurdish refugees who have fled into TurkeyRefugees interviewed here said they fear that thousands of civilians and guerrillas trapped deep inside their rebellious mountain homeland have been killed by Iraqi chemical weapons.The large…

MAKE NO MISTAKE_THIS IS GENOCIDE
IRAQ'S FINAL SOLUTION FOR ITS KURDS.
Jim Hoagland
September 8, 1988; Page a21

Iraq is committing step-by-step genocide against the Kurdish people in the remote Zagros Mountains. The evidence is now so clear that the world cannot shrink from branding Iraq's actions with that horrible word and demanding an end to this calculated massacreThe Iraqi version of genocide is being conducted in military operations stretched out over years and launched against the Kurds as opportunities permit. It does not have the maniacal pace or organization of Hitler's Germany or …

GASSING THE KURDS
September 8, 1988; Page a20

IRAN AND IRAQ, though they are far from peace, are no longer shooting at each other in the Persian Gulf. But behind the lines both are taking grim and quiet vengeance against those of their citizens who worked with the other side during the war. Iran is evidently finishing off the Iranian Mujaheddin movement, which was sponsored and deployed by Iraq. Iraq is moving against its Kurds, whose rebellion was supported by IranThere is a sense of inevitability to this settling of scores by …

NOW, TILT TOWARD IRAN
Charles Krauthammer
September 16, 1988; Page a27

One of the few good side effects of the Iran-Iraq war is that it gave the United States some unusual practice in the art of realpolitik.Here was a conflict that made moral categories irrelevant. Between two of the most barbarous regimes on earth there was nothing to choose.Iraq had to its credit starting the Gulf war, initiating attacks on innocent neutral ships in the Persian Gulf and mass murder by poison gas. Iran, for its part, pursued the war with uncommon brutality, sending its…

TALKS SHOW GROWING ARAB CONSENSUS THAT CHEMICAL ARMS BALANCE NUCLEAR
Edward CodyWashington Post Foreign Service
January 13, 1989; Page a24

The Paris conference on chemical weapons that ended yesterday was hailed as a new moral barrier to their use and a historic step toward a ban on making and possessing such arms.But the five-day gathering also produced something distinctly less attractive to its U.S. and French organizers. It crystalized an emerging Arab consensus that chemical arsenals may be a legitimate counterbalance to the nuclear weapons they say are stockpiled by Israel.Although the Arab stand was toned down in…

IRAQI WARNS OF USING POISON GAS
LEADER SAYS ATTACKER FACES DEVASTATION
U.S. DECRIES REMARKS
Patrick E. TylerWashington Post Staff Writer
April 3, 1990; Page a1

Iraqi President Saddam Hussein said yesterday in a fiery speech to his armed forces that Iraq would use its extensive stockpile of mustard and nerve gases as strategic weapons capable of delivering a devastating retaliatory blow to any aggressor, especially IsraelIn his first public comments on the arrest in Britain of Iraqi agents for allegedly trying to smuggle out of the United States electrical devices used in nuclear weapons design, Hussein said if the West was trying to "give…

DESTROYING IRAQ FROM WITHIN SADDAM HUSSEIN'S YEARS OF BRUTALITY AS SEEN BY HIS OPPOSITION-IN-EXILE

Selim D. Fakhri
August 5, 1990; Page d2

IF THERE is any group to which Iraq's invasion of Kuwait came as no surprise, it is the Iraqi opposition to Saddam Hussein. Hundreds of thousands of Iraqis, forced to live in exile for fear of the threat to their lives posed by the brutal security forces of their own president, are now scattered throughout the worldSeveral thousand Iraqis have been living in Kuwait, and their fate after the takeover of that country is the cause of serious concern. According to press reports, they are…

IRAQI EXILES DISCOUNT PROSPECTS OF A COUP SADDAM HAS DEALT SWIFTLY WITH OPPOSITION
Glenn FrankelWashington Post Foreign Service
August 16, 1990; Page a33

When a French television station broadcast footage of the execution of Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaucescu and his wife a few months ago, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein distributed copies of the tape to leaders of his ruling Baath Party, according to a well-informed Iraqi dissidentSaddam wanted them to watch, learn and heed the warning -- that what happened to Ceaucescu could happen to them if they did not take the necessary precautions, the dissident said. A few weeks later, Saddam ordered…

PRINCIPLE AND NECESSITY IN U.S. POLICY
Hobart Rowen
August 16, 1990; Page a23

For the first time in this century, the nation has committed troops and other resources for an economic objective: the assurance of vital oil supplies from Saudi Arabia. Some observers fret that this goal is somehow sordid, not compatible with the high principles that President Bush said motivated our actionIt's true that Saudi Arabia is not a democracy teetering on the brink but an elitist monarchy exercising feudal powers. And America has looked the other way at times…

U.S. PUSHING CURBS ON EXPORTS OF SENSITIVE MATERIALS
Stuart AuerbachWashington Post Staff Writer
November 1, 1990; Page c1

The State Department is developing a series of sweeping regulations to block any exports -- from heavy-duty trucks to advanced computers -- that could be used in clandestine nuclear, missile or chemical- and biological-warfare programs, according to Bush administration and business sourcesThe proposals have set off a firestorm of opposition from business groups and officials within the administration.Opponents argue that the imposition of unilateral restrictions will undermine more…

BAGHDAD WITH A HUMAN FACE IN WARLIKE TIMES, A MOMENT TO REMEMBER 'COUSIN' WEDAD AND THOSE AT RISK
Gregory Orfalea
November 18, 1990; Page c4

BEFORE OUR bombers lock on to that vague splotch (Baghdad) lying below them along a serpentine green line (the Tigris River) in the desert, I would like to list a few targets I hope they will miss, most especially my artist cousin Wedad OrfaliWedad is proprietor of the only privately owned art gallery in Iraq. I first met her in 1986 during my only visit to Baghdad when I was a guest, with 10 other American writers and poets, at an Iraqi-hosted literary festival.Quite a character, …

THE FIRST DAYS OF WAR
January 19, 1991; Page a14

THE FIRST days of hostilities made clear that it was going to be abad war for cliche's. A set of high-tech "smart" weapons often describedas gold-plated clinkers worked astonishingly well in those early hours,hinting at giving the American-led coalition mastery of the skies andlimiting -- although not, alas, eliminating -- Saddam Hussein's capacityto strike Israel and draw it into the conflict. A military thatsupposedly couldn't organize itself…

U.S. USE OF BASES POSES RISK FOR TURKEY
OZAL MEETS STRONG DOMESTIC OPPOSITION TO DECISION AS WAVES OF WARPLANES ATTACK IRAQ
Jonathan C. RandalWashington Post Foreign Service
January 21, 1991; Page a23

Waves of U.S. warplanes took off again today from the big NATO airbase at Incirlik in southern Turkey, thrusting the strategically located facility into a more important role in the air war against Iraq and raising the political risks for Turkish President Turgut OzalToday's attack from Turkey -- totaling, according to varied reports, more than 50 U.S. fighter-bombers -- was the largest since Thursday, when the National Assembly voted approval of war powers allowing the United States...

REBEL KURDS SAY THEY ARE READY TO STRIKE AT IRAQ
3,000 GUERRILLAS SAID TO INFILTRATE NORTHERN REGION
LEADERS CITE FEARS OF TOXIC WARFARE
Jonathan C. RandalWashington Post Foreign Service
January 24, 1991; Page a18

Iraqi Kurdish leaders said today that 2,000 to 3,000 guerrillas have returned to northern Iraq and are preparing to strike against President Saddam Hussein's government.But the rebel leaders said that orders to fight would only be issued if Saddam's grip on power appears to have weakened enough to prevent possible retaliation with chemical weapons.More than 1 million Kurds live in northeastern Iraq, where rebel groups have repeatedly engaged in conflicts with the Baghdad.

KURDS REPORT 3,000 CIVILIAN CASUALTIES
REBEL SAYS U.S., IRAQ DISTORT BOMBING TOLL
Jonathan C. RandalWashington Post Foreign Service
February 11, 1991; Page a17

Masoud Barzani, overall commander of Iraqi Kurdish guerrillas opposed to President Saddam Hussein, estimated in an interview that allied bombing has killed or wounded "about 3,000 civilians" in the Kurdish districts of northern Iraq aloneBased on regular reports from a network of intelligence agents in Kurdistan and the rest of Iraq, Barzani said both sides are distorting their estimates of civilian casualties. With rare exceptions, Iraqi authorities have succeeded in …

THE WORLD NEEDS ACTION, NOT WORDS, FROM SADDAM
Richard Cohen
February 16, 1991; Page a27

If crying "uncle" is slang for surrendering, then Iraq'sannouncement yesterday that it might pull out of Kuwait amounted to something like saying "first cousin once removed" -- not quite "uncle"but a pleasing sound nonetheless. The right words, though, have not yet been uttered.Words alone, especially in the Middle East, amount to little. It's instructive to bear in mind that Saddam Hussein once before promised to withdraw from Kuwait.

MY IRAQ SORROW IN EXILE AND FEAR AT HOME
Yasmine Bahrani
March 3, 1991; Page c1

"MAY GOD rescue you," some of the wretched Iraqi soldiers told their captors last week, even as they kissed the hands of those before whom they knelt in abject surrender. Their words were a very Iraqi expression of gratitude. Thank you for rescuing me, they suggest. Thank you for allowing me -- sent to die by my leader, then abandoned and left to perish by my commanders -- to get out of this alive. May God rescue you, too. May he send you home wellI watched these wrenching dramas…

KURDISH TROOPS REPORTED SET TO JOIN REBELLION
ARAB STATES APPROVE USE OF EGYPTIAN, SYRIAN SOLDIERS AS PEACE-KEEPING FORCE
Jonathan C. RandalWashington Post Foreign Service
March 7, 1991; Page a31

Iraqi Kurdish guerrilla commander Masoud Barzani, who had hesitated joining the uprising against President Saddam Hussein, decided today to commit thousands of his tough mountain troops to the rebellion, a Kurdish leader said hereJalal Talabani, who heads the seven-party Iraqi Kurdistan Front's political office here, also said that an Iraqi division, including two generals, surrendered today after a two-day fight against Kurdish rebels in northeast Iraq. There was no independent…

KURDISH UPRISING AIDED BY CLANDESTINE ARMY CONTACTS
Jonathan C. RandalWashington Post Foreign Service
March 23, 1991; Page a1

Hajer, a Kurdish guerrilla fighting government forces here in northern Iraq, opened his fist, flattened his hand and blew as if dispersing so much dandelion fluff.That was his way of explaining how lightly armed Kurdish rebels had caused the once mighty Iraqi army to disintegrate in a single day in a wide swath of mountainous northwestern Iraq last week.But, according to guerrilla leaders, the success of a simultaneous uprising in 12 northern Kurdish towns and villages -- along the …

DON'T IGNORE IRAQ'S KURDS
IT'S WRONG, AND IT'S SHORTSIGHTED POLICY.
David A. Korn
March 7, 1991; Page a23

While it basks in the afterglow of victory, the Bush administration is on the verge of committing a great injustice and -- worse still, some will say -- making a great political mistake. In its plans for the new order for the Middle East, it is deliberately ignoring Iraq's 3 million or so KurdsThe administration wants to bring down Saddam Hussein and see Iraq under democratic rule, but it doesn't want to deal with Iraq's Kurds, the element of that country's population…

IRAQ SHIFTS TROOPS TO COMBAT KURDS
CLASHES IN NORTH APPEAR TOUGHER THAN SOUTH
Rick AtkinsonWashington Post Staff Writer
March 30, 1991; Page a1

Iraqi military commanders have begun moving Republican Guard forces northward, apparently after concluding that the Kurdish rebellion poses a greater threat than the sputtering Shiite Muslim insurrection in southern Iraq, U.S. military sources said todaySurviving elements of the Tawalkana, Medina and Hammurabi Armored Divisions -- which were mauled by the allied coalition in the Persian Gulf War a month ago -- are repositioning to combat the Kurds, although some Republican Guard officers …
KURDS' SPRING OF HOPE COLLAPSES AMID FEELINGS OF BETRAYAL
Jonathan C. RandalWashington Post Foreign Service
April 3, 1991; Page a1
The Kurdish uprising against President Saddam Hussein has collapsed, dealing the Kurds their worst setback in a century of nationalist struggle and exposing the nearly 5 million Kurds in Iraq to what many fear will be brutal reprisalsAs their forces scatter in disarray, Kurds from all walks of life say they fear they and their families risk arrest, torture and death at the hands of a dictator who appears determined to teach the Kurds yet another terrible lesson."They know their…

TEMPTING TO INSURRECTION
William Raspberry
April 5, 1991; Page a18

Back before Desert Shield became Desert Storm, the rap on President Bush was that he seemed unable to come up with a convincing and consistent rationale for our military presence in the gulf. One day it was to protect Saudi Arabia, the next to reclaim Kuwait and later to drive Saddam out of powerThe confusion was not over the validity of any of those goals but over the fact that each of them, taken individually, suggested different uses of U.S. and allied power. Our passive presence in…

U.S., ALLIES WANT REFUGEE HAVENS ESTABLISHED IN IRAQ
EUROPEANS BACK PROTECTIVE ZONE FOR KURDS
William Drozdiak
David B. OttawayWASHINGTON POST FOREIGN SERVICE
April 9, 1991; Page a1

The United States and its European allies are moving to have enclaves created for refugees along Iraq's northern and southern borders, an effort that Iraqi opposition leaders said could further undermine President Saddam Hussein's control of the countryBritain won European Community support yesterday for its proposal for a Kurdish enclave in northern Iraq under U.N. supervision that would allow the hundreds of thousands of Kurdish refugees to be sheltered and protected from troops…

U.S. POLICY AND THE KURDS
April 15, 1991; Page a8

In their op-ed column on April 8, Rowland Evans and Robert Novak express and essentially defend the Bush administration's rationale for not forcefully intervening in Saddam Hussein's slaughter of thousands of Iraqi Kurds and Shiites: The "obvious tenet of American foreign policyis that the United States "cannot be in the business of using force to effect political change abroad, install democracies or satisfy aggrieved minorities, no matter how compelling …

MISERY AS FAR AS EYE CAN SEE
IRAN CAMP GETS SCANT RELIE
Jonathan C. RandalWashington Post Foreign Service
April 16, 1991; Page a1

The sun shone warmly here today after two weeks of cold and rain, and Kurdish refugees took advantage as mothers bathed their infant children in mountain streams and fathers cut their sons' hair.But these signs of normalcy -- like the smoke rising from thousands of cooking fires that all but obscured the craggy 8,000-foot snowcapped peaks -- were deceptive. The refugee problem is anything but over.On the narrow dirt road leading up to this border town other refugees …

WAITING FOR THE RIGHT PARADE
MARY McGRORY
May 5, 1991; Page k1
IF YOU will excuse me, I think I will skip the June 8 parade. And although I love bands and I am glad the troops are safely back, I may not make the July 4 "mother of all homecoming parades" either.I know Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf himself is going to march down Pennsylvania Avenue, but I think I'll wait until another general, a smaller, quieter man than Schwarzkopf, comes back. His name is Maj. Gen. Jay Garner. He's over on the Iraq-Turkish border, cleaning up the...