re: Astronaut
In science, normally the first use of a name or the first discovery gets to attach the name to the object. Since the Russians had the first man in space, they have the honour.
If the USA was too proud to use the word "Cosmonaut", then they are welsome to use a parochial term.
of course, this then sets the tone for later entrants to space to also use their own local word.
Don't worry, you can always translate.
And one day it will all shake-up and a single word will emerge (or the vocubulary will enlarge, hopefully, to be more descriptive of types of astronaut, including pilot, technician, colonist etc...)