It's possible though unlikely that the cameras could've seen that foam on a night launch. The foam essentially disentegrated when it hit the Shuttle wing so it's unlikely that they could've seen anything after the impact. Some cameras might be sensitive enough to get good images at night, but that's pretty tough considering the bright engine exhaust. I've read they're putting in better tracking radars, but the foam probably doesn't reflect radar waves very well. This makes me wonder if they'll ever launch the Shuttle at night again.

As for future CEV flights, this particular issue is moot. Still, there will be other vulnerabilities in that system that have to be taken into account.