The first extrasolar "planet" discovered was a fragment orbiting a pulsar. It probably (IMHO) formed from the debris, rather than surviving the blast, but you never know...

Earth "survived" that cataclysmic primordial collision with a Mars-sized body (Theia). Although most everything got vaporised in the process. Theia didn't "survive" but the Moon was created.

A mere supernova is a just a surface baking for a planet. It takes millions of years for the heat to soak in to the core.

Supernova:- Blow-off the atmosphere and ocean, toast till golden brown and then leave to cool.

Something might just crawl back out of the non-volatile residue after a few billion years...