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Space/Science

Brief report on 6th Mars conference

Well, warm and wet Mars continues to retreat in the face of multiple
lines of evidence:

Phil Christensen made some good points including the fact that the
observation of a layer of olivine-rich basalt at the base of Vallis
Marineris, some 4.5 km below ground level, demonstrates that
groundwater aquifers have not been active at this depth for "a very
long time".

The uncertainty is that this could be a sill, younger than the
material around it, and therefore only a few hundred Ma in age, at the
lower end of possibilities. OTOH, the age could be as much as 3.5 Ga,
based on the cratering age of the surface rocks around this area.
Christensen concluded along the lines of "no ground water, no surface
water, no carbonate" (I paraphrase, so don't quote).

He proposed a "Water Vapor" Mars with disseminated minor crustal
carbonate formation - and a "Cold, Icy Mars" (I do quote!)

Vic Baker, almost singlehandedly, held out for an abundantly wet Mars
with his "MEGAOUTFLO" hypothesis which is little changed from last
year and remains unconvincing in many aspects (IMHO). There are still
a few other supporters, but most of these are junior or secondary
workers, rather than primary workers. However, I should note that
Coleman and co-authors continue to build a good case for water
impoundments in V.M. leading to water floods.

On ages, Claudia Quantin looked at the apparent surface age of
Landslides in V.M. and showed that 1) Similar processes applied to
modern and ancient slides, so all are either dry or wet, and ground
water conditions have not changed over time. Furthermore, an apparent
acceleration in the rate of slides with time is more likely an error
in the (Hartmann) chronology for crater ages. Using Neukum ages leads
to a neat straight line trend of occurence vs time.

Much evidence for "glaciation" on Mars, although timescales seem to be
many orders of magnitude slower than for Earth. Jim Head and Sarah
Milkovich's cold-based glaciers west of the Tharsis volcanoes were
particularly convincing. Although these are geographically "tropical"
Jim does not beleive that conditions were particularly warm or wet at
the time(s) of initiation of these features.

Many workers showed that permafrost features, soil creep, surface
mantles, and rock glaciers are found in many areas, but do seem to
require long timescales.

Some good stuff on dust storms - MOC WA images capture huge numbers of
these.

A lot of work on the Basalt vs "Andesite" Themis spectral types. Lots
of workers showed that an altered basalt mineralogy would match the
"andesite" spectra, although little agreement on the nature of
alteration. Various authors plausibly proposed sheet silicates,
zeolites, palagonite, or glass. Although the exact material is
unidentified (and may be mixtures of several of these components) all
agreed that this was "immature" weathering, not severe, and matched
the very modest degree of alteration seen in SNC's.

Finally, my own piece on Ice Towers was well received, especially by
astrobiologists. See
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993986 for a digest,
if you can't remember what I was saying.

All considered, a good conference, cementing progress towards a more
mature understanding of a Cold Dry Mars with the bulk of its water
frozen almost all the time, including snowfall as the ultimate origin
of Noachian valley networks, rather than rain.

The exceptions, however, are of interest!

That's your report. I'm back in Oz and looking forward to the jet lag
kicking in...

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