<You know... we could go completely laissez faire about education, the way things used to be before it became mandatory (was it "liberals" that did that?). Nobody forced into anything, in that particular regard, including literacy or skills. Wanna live in that America, Tom? I don't.

Are you sure?

Before education was made mandatory in the late 1800s, was everyone in America an idiot? The Founding Fathers? All the great people of our history? The inventors? The builders of our nation? How would you compare the one-room schoolhouse education to the nearly-mindless drones our multibillion dollar school system is often turning out?

this is how it was done before schooling became compulsory and nationalized (all boldface mine):

The power of memory is central, not just to the life of a person, but to the life of a people. In his short story, "Children of the Alley," Nobel prize-winning author Naguib Mahfouz writes, "Good examples would not be wasted on our alley were it not afflicted with forgetfulness. But forgetfulness is the plague of our alley." It's not just national forgetfulness that plagues our discussion of education reform. it's that most of us have implicitly bought into a version of history that narrowly limits the debate and thus limits our ability to question, in any fundamental sense, the status quo.*



This version holds that America was founded on public education; that education was not widely available before the introduction of public schools; that our government-run system is responsible for widespread literacy and universal school attendance; and that this system is as American as our Constitution, our flag, and our democracy.

All four statements are widely accepted as conventional wisdom. To challenge them is considered, at best, silly and, at worst, sinister-even unAmerican. No wonder it is so painful to conclude that they are untrue. But it is profoundly important to do so. As the novelist George Orwell once observed, he who controls the present controls the past, and he who controls the past controls the future.



Philanthropic Beginnings

Today, when we speak of reforming public education, our premise is that education should be delivered through a government system that solves problems through programmatic repairs. In this context, philanthropy is channeled toward supplementing system administration (the mentoring advocated by America's Promise); supplementing system supplies (the software and computers donated by corporations like Oracle and Microsoft); and supplementing system funding (Walter Annenberg's dramatic gift of $500 million to the public schools).

Despite the best intentions and generous impulses of their sponsors, these measures are powerless to affect the chronic weaknesses of today ' s public education-weaknesses such as the lack of accountability, the stagnating test scores, and spiraling costs-that are so obvious and well-documented I need not dwell on them here.

Of course, no one blames philanthropists for failing to solve the problems of American education. No one really ever expected that they would because no one really ever expected that they could. I believe that they can. And unless we are prepared to resign ourselves to the gridlock and vested interests that currently paralyze political reform of education, I believe that they must.

We have to stop viewing philanthropy in education as the application of Band-Aids to an injured system. We must be willing to question whether there isn't some underlying flaw in the system that causes it to remain in continual crisis. And then we must be willing to apply philanthropy strategically to leverage change.

After all, philanthropy provided the original leverage that led to America's adoption of government schooling. in his brilliant forthcoming book "Market Education.- The Unknown History," Andrew Coulson describes how the Common School movement of the mid-19th century grew out of philanthropic beginnings. So called "free schools" were among a diverse range of education options that met the needs of most families. in cities they supplemented an established network of independent education providers. Competition kept fees low and quality high, since parents would not voluntarily patronize a teacher they thought was unfit or a school they thought was wasteful or overpriced. Rural areas had small, semi-public "district" schools where a mix of tuition and local taxes let the poorest students attend for free.

Historian Robert Seybolt describes how what had begun as fairly basic instruction quickly evolved into more serious academic training: "Popular demands, and the element of competition, forced [educators] not only to add new courses of instruction, but constantly to improve their methods and techniques of instruction." Trend lines, starting from the mid-18th century in America, show that literacy rates-for both men and women, in both the North and South-were on the rise. By 1852, the year Massachusetts instituted mandatory schooling, literacy in that state stood at 98 percent. Even decades earlier Alexis de Tocqueville observed that it was rare to find a New Englander who had not received elementary education and who was not well-versed in the history and Constitution of the United States.

Competition, choices, charity, private and semi-public institutions-the mix may have worked, but it was messy. And with waves of new immigrants arriving in the mid-19th century, it was about to get a lot messier. As impoverished newcomers poured into the cities, the philanthropic "free schools" expanded and multiplied. These charitable efforts were motivated by compassion-and concern. The cultures, and especially the Catholicism, of the new immigrant arrivals fed the fears and prejudices of America's Protestant majority.

Many of the free schools saw their role as combatting this "ignorance and vice" through literacy and moral instruction, a function increasingly sanctioned by state governments in the form of subsidies to sponsor philanthropic societies. But as ethnic tensions continued to mount, reformers argued that far more aggressive and comprehensive measures were required. There was resistance, not just from immigrants but from Americans who remembered why they had fought a war of independence from government control less than a century before. Ironically, it was the education subcommittee of the Massachusetts legislature that warned:

"The establishment of the Board of Education seems to be the commencement of a system of centralization and monopoly of power in a few hands, contrary, in every respect, to the true spirit of democratic institutions; and which, unless speedily checked, may lead to unlooked for and dangerous results."

Horace Mann dismissed such critics as "vandals and bigots," and ultimately he prevailed, becoming the first secretary of the first state board of education in Massachusetts, and introducing the first state-run system in 1852. Within 30 years, every Northern state had followed suit, and while only two states had mandatory attendance laws before the Civil War, most others passed such laws after Reconstruction.

I am, by necessity, simplifying and summarizing a lot of very complex history. But, given the tremendous hopes and resources that have been invested in public education in the 20th century, and given the equally tremendous disappointments and challenges we are grappling with at the century's end, we might want to ask ourselves whether there was any wisdom in the early warnings Horace Mann dismissed.



A couple of other viewpoints on the history of schooling in America can be found here and here, including some interesting insights on the real purposes of public education at the time.

*Footnote mine: This selective amnesia applies to many other government programs as well. For example, we seem to be unable to visualize exactly how a vast majority of the elderly somehow managed to receive adequate medical care before Medicare and Medicaid were created in 1965. Or how we managed to land men on the Moon and create the most advanced technical civilization on Earth before a Federal Department of Education was created in the Carter Administration. Each is currently considered an essential and immutable part of our existence now.