...during the age of sail.

Some population numbers for America. Over 31M by 1860. What do you suppose they did to survive the New England winters? They used up the forests, is what.

On page 270 of this reference it shows the population of England going from 9M in 1801 to 36M in 1911. Now it is true that England liked to use coal for heating, so one would assume that much of their heating-based CO2 emissions showed up in the fossile fuel stats that you provided. I mainly dug up stats on English population to forestall a quibble on your part along the lines of: "Well America's population was based on emigration, so these folks decreased the population of the places they came from."

Heating, obviously does not entirely account for why the forest that once stretched from Maine to Florida was drastically reduced. A similar process happened in England. Doesn't really matter. A lot of the carbon went into the sky. As CO2 and as particulate matter. Even when the lumber is used as a building material, unless you do something like bury it, the material degrades releasing carbon.

England and America only represent what happened after enlightenment and through the industrial revolution in every part of the world that was touched by these movements.

Colonialism and exportation of tech and exploitation of remote resources spread the boom of population and of carbon dumping throughout the world.