Gee Alex,

You sure are a hot head lately! Plus you have make no relevant contribution with regards the Carr paper. Hoffamn told me Carr was coming round to his thinking. Well? Where is the evidence to support that?

So what is your point here? - criticize me for posting a peer reviewed science paper favoring liquid water over CO2? What's your problem with it? If you support Nicks's CO2 hypothesis come out and say so, don't ride the middle of the highway.. where do you stand?

As regards Levin, he is much more of a scientist than you could ever hope to be. Here is his body of work (below), now how about showing us yours?

Professional History

1967 to Present: CEO, Chairman and Founder, Spherix (NASDAQ - BINC), Beltsville, Maryland

Reporting to the Board of Directors, provides overall direction to this publicly-held company.

The Information Services Division provides nationwide telephone hotline services and counseling on the subjects of disease, health, pharmaceuticals, and wellness issues. The Division also serves as the Federal Information Center for the U.S. The Division answers approximately six million telephone calls per year.

The Company’s BioTech Programs Unit is dedicated to the development of Biospherics’ proprietary products and processes. Its R&D Laboratory is developing nonfattening sugars for use as full-bulk replacements for sucrose. BioTech scientists have been awarded patents on these sugars as food additives and as drugs, and also for methods of their manufacture. Biological and biological-chemical methods developed by the Unit for the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater are in use in many municipal wastewater treatment plants in the U.S. and abroad.

Professional History (continued)

Other processes or products under development include human-safe pesticides, rare carbohydrates for research purposes, advanced wastewater treatment processes, and methods for the rapid detection of microorganisms.

Dr. Levin’s personal inventions include the PhoStrip® process, the first biological nutrient removal (BNR) wastewater treatment method, 14-C microbial radiorespirometry, rapid methods and instrumentation for the identification of infectious organisms and the antibiotic of choice, development of the firefly bioluminescent assay for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to quantify living microorganisms and for medical diagnostic purposes, the use of left-handed hexose sugars as low-calorie sweeteners, and the use of D-tagatose as an anti-hyperglycemic agent and as a treatment for diabetes.

Dr. Levin was appointed by NASA as Experimenter on the Mariner 9 and Viking Missions to Mars. He received the NASA Public Service Medal and the Newcomb-Cleveland Award of the AAAS for his experiment to detect life on Mars on the latter mission. He took part in the Russian Mars ‘96 Mission as a member of the U.S. team designing an instrument to resolve the issue of the active agent his Viking experiment found in the Mars soil. He served as Principal Investigator on numerous Federally-funded scientific and engineering research projects on subjects including wastewater treatment, pollution control instrumentation, municipal water and sewerage systems, storm water runoff, coliform organism detection methods, oil-in-water pollution monitoring and control, saline water conversion, automated measurement of primary productivity of water bodies, planetary quarantine and return Mars sample technology.

Dr. Levin has more than one hundred publications in scientific and technical literature, and has been awarded more than fifty patents worldwide.

1965 to 1967: Director, Life Systems Division and Member, Board of Directors, Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Virginia

Responsible for creation, organization and overall operation of Life Systems Division to engage in laboratory analytical services and environmental programs and research. Helped design a new facility established at Reston, Virginia, off-site from the Hazleton campus.

1963 to 1965: Director of Special Research, and Scientific Director of Bioengineering Department, Hazleton Laboratories, Inc.

Responsible for initiating new bioengineering research efforts and product development through organization and direction of company scientists and engineers.

1961 to 1963: Biochemist, District of Columbia Department of Sanitary Engineering

Led research and development effort on wastewater treatment to reduce pollution of the Potomac River in Metropolitan Washington, D.C.

Professional History (continued)

1956 to 1960: Clinical Assistant Professor in Preventive Medicine, Georgetown University Schools of Medicine and Dentistry

Taught public health, sanitary engineering, and radiation health to medical and dental students.

1955 to 1963: Vice President, Resources Research, Inc., Washington, D.C.

Cofounder of Company. Established environmental R&D laboratory in water pollution control, wastewater treatment processes, saline water conversion, air pollution, space biology, mining wastes, biological oceanography, and instrumentation. Helped establish and administer environmental and toxicology laboratories in Washington, D.C., California and Florida. The Company was acquired by Hazleton Laboratories in 1963.

1955 to 1961: Research Associate, Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Schools of Medicine and Dentistry

Developed 14C microbial radiorespirometry for early detection of bacteria.

1951 to 1956: Public Health Engineer, District of Columbia Department of Public Health

Established the District of Columbia Potomac River water pollution control program under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Also responsible for public health aspects of Washington’s municipal water supply and public pools.

1950 to 1951: Assistant Sanitary Engineer, California Department of Public Health

Public health engineering responsibility for municipal water supplies, wastewater disposal, swimming pools, beaches, and industrial wastes.

1948 to 1950: Junior Assistant Sanitary Engineer, Maryland State Department of Health

Monitored potable water supplies, wastewater treatment plants, swimming pools, and shellfish beds to protect public health.

Publications

Over 100 technical and scientific articles. See attached list.

Patents

Over 50 worldwide in the fields of pollution control, health, microbiology, diagnostics, and food additives. See attached list of U.S. patents.

Memberships

American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Institute of Biological Sciences
American Public Health Association, Fellow
American Society of Civil Engineers
American Society for Microbiology
American Water Works Association
New York Academy of Sciences
Water Environment Federation

Registration

Registered Professional Engineer in the District of Columbia and Maryland

Awards and Honors

I.R. 100 Award (Industrial Research Magazine), 1975
NASA Public Service Medal, 1977
Newcomb-Cleveland Award, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1977
Whiting Medal, The Johns Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering, 1989
American Men and Women of Science
Who’s Who in America
Cosmos Club
Sigma Xi
JHU Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1996

Additional Professional Activities

BioScience, Editorial Board, 1963-66
The Johns Hopkins University, Trustee, 1982-85
The Johns Hopkins University, National Engineering Advisory Council, 1983-present
The Johns Hopkins University, Library Advisory Council, 1982-present
The Johns Hopkins University, Industry Advisory Council, 1982-85
NASA Planetary Quarantine Advisory Panel, 1960-75
National Science Foundation, Environmental Engineering Proposal Review Panel, 1975-present
Presidential Savings Bank, Bethesda, Maryland, Director, 1986-present
Prince George’s Co. Public Schools, Science & Technology Task Force, Member, 1988-1990
Prince George’s Community College, Science & Technology Resource Center, Member, Advisory Council, 1991-present
Suburban Maryland High Technology Council, Steering Committee, Trustee, 1990-1992

GILBERT V. LEVIN
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1. Levin, G.V. and Jackson, N.E. “Use of Fluoride as a Tracer in Distribution System Studies.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 45, 3, 264-274, March 1953.
2. Levin, G.V. and Cary, W.H., Jr. “Diatomaceous Earth Filter for Swimming Pools.” Proc. Twenty-Sixth Ann. Cong., Maryland-Delaware Water and Sewage Assoc., 16-24, May 1953.
3. Levin, G.V. “Cross-Connection Complications.” The Capital’s Health, D.C. Department of Public Health, Washington, D.C., II, December 1953.
4. Levin, G.V. and Laubausch, E.J. “Membrane Filter and Emergency Water Supply Control.” Am. J. Public Health, 44, 1, 55-63, January 1954.
5. Levin, G.V. and Long, R.P. “Pullman City Sanitation.” Public Health Reports, 69, 3, 263-268, March 1954.
6. Levin, G.V. “Swimming: Pool Water Sanitation.” The Capital’s Health, D.C. Department of Public Health, Washington, D.C., IV, 4, July 1955.
7. Levin, G.V., Harrison, V.R. and Hess, W.C. “Preliminary Report on a One-Hour Presumptive Test for Coliform Organisms.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 48, 1, 75-80, January 1956.
8. Levin, G.V. “The New Thin Red Line—Medical and Public Health Services for Civil Defense.” The Capital’s Health, D.C. Department of Public Health, Washington, D.C., IV, 11, February 1956.
9. Levin, G.V. and West, H. “Infectious Hepatitis, Diarrhea, and Typhoid Fever.” Public Health Reports, 71, 9, 938-944, September 1956.
10. Levin, G.V., Harrison, V.R. and Hess, W.C. “A Radioisotope Technic for the Rapid Detection of Coliform Organisms.” Am. J. Public Health, 46, 11, 1405-1414, November 1956.
11. Levin, G.V., Harrison, V.R., and Hess, W.C. “Use of Radioactive Culture Media.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 49, 8, 1069-1076, August 1957.
12. Levin, G.V. “Sewage Disposal and Water Pollution.” Joint Committee on Wash. Metro. Problems, 85th Congress, 2nd Session, Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., March 1958.
13. Levin, G.V. “Water Supply.” Joint Committee on Wash. Metro Problems, 85th Congress, 2nd Session, Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., April 1958.
14. Levin, G.V., Harrison, V.R., Hess, W.C., Heim, A.H. and Stauss, V.L. “Rapid Bacteriological Detection and Identification.” Proc. Second Intern. Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, 1958.
5. Levin, G.V. “Water Supply and Sewage Disposal.” Joint Committee on Wash. Metro. Problems, 85th Congress, 2nd Session, Gov. Printing, Office, Washington, D.C., December, 1958.
16. Levin, G.V., Harrison, V.R., Hess, W.C., Heim, A.H., and Stauss, V.L. “Rapid, Radioactive Test for Coliform Organisms.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 51, 1, 101-104, January 1959.
17. Heim, A.H., Curtin, J.A. and Levin, G.V. “Determination of Antimicrobial Activity by a Radioisotope Method.” Antimicrobial Agents Annual, 123-128, Plenum Press, Inc., New York, 1960.
18. Levin, G.V. “Sodium Chloride Uptake by Algae.” Public Works, 95-97, July 1960.
19. Levin, G.V., Stauss, V.L. and Hess, W.C. “Rapid Coliform Organism Determinations with C14.” J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 33, 10, 1021-1037, October 1961.
20. Levin, G.V., Clendenning, J.R., Gibor, A. and Bogar, F.B. “Harvesting of Algae of Froth Flotation.” Appl. Microbiol., 10, 2, 169-175, March 1962.
21. Levin, G.V., Heim, A.H., Clendenning, J.R. and Thompson, M.F. “‘Gulliver’—A Quest for Life on Mars.” Science, 138, 3537, 114-121, October 12, 1962.
22. Levin, G.V. and Carriker, A.W. “Life on Mars?” Nucleonics, 20, 10, 71-72, October 1962.
23. Levin, G.V., Heim, A.H. and Thompson, M.F. “Detection of Microorganisms on Other Planets.” American Nuclear Society Transactions, 5, 2, 279, November 1962.
24. Levin, G.V. “Rapid Microbiological Determinations with Radioisotopes.” Advances in Applied Microbiology, 5, 95-133, Academic Press, New York 1963.
25. Heim, A.H. (Presenting for Levin, G.V., Clendenning, J.R., Perez, G.R., Bowles, J.L., Leifer, J.C. and Dellinger, D.) “Radioisotope Metabolic Detection of Possible Martian Life Forms.” Proc. 12th Lunar and Planetary Exploration Colloquium, III, 2, 37-46, May 1963.
26. Levin, G.V., Heim, A.H., Thompson, M.F., Beem, D.R. and Horowitz, N.H. “‘Gulliver’—An Experiment for Extraterrestrial Life Detection and Analysis.” Life Sciences and Space Research II, 6, 124-132, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1964.
27. Levin, G.V., Clendenning, J.R., Chappelle, E.W., Heim, A.H. and Rocek, E. “A Rapid Method for Detection of Microorganisms by ATP Assay: Its Possible Application in Virus and Cancer Studies.” BioScience, 14, 4, 37-38, 1964.
28. Levin, G.V. “Discussion on Liquid Wastes and Water Potability in Space Vehicles.” Conf. on Nutrition in Space and Related Waste Problems, NASA Publication SP-70, 279, Washington, D.C., 1964.
29. Levin, G.V. and Barnes, J.M. “Froth Flotation for Harvesting Algae and Its Possible Application to Sewage Treatment.” Proc. 19th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, May 1964.
30. Levin, G.V. “The Interplanetary Olympics Begin.” (editorial), BioScience, 15, 1, 15, January 1965.
30a. Levin, G.V. “Panel Discussion, Biological Objectives of Unmanned Exploration of
the Solar System.” Proceedings of the American Astronomical Society Symposium on
Unmanned Exploration of the Solar System, Denver, Colorado, February 8-10, 1965
31. Levin, G.V. and Shapiro, J. “Metabolic Uptake of Phosphorus by Wastewater Organisms.” J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 37, 6, 800-821, June 1965.
32. Levin, G.V. “Mark IV Gulliver—An In Situ Instrument for Extraterrestrial Life Detection.” Digest of the 6th International Conference on Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering, Tokyo, 324-325, 1965.
33. Levin, G.V. “Biological Objectives of Unmanned Exploration of the Solar System.” Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 19 American Astronautical Society, 1965.
34. Levin, G.V. and Heim, A.H. “Gulliver and Diogenes—Exobiological Antitheses.” (COSPAR), Life Sciences and Space Research III, 105-119, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1965.
35. Levin, G.V. “Significance and Status of Exobiology.” BioScience, 15, 1, 17-20, 1965.
36. Levin, G.V. Wilkins, P.E., Chappelle, E.W. and MacLeod, N.H. “A Life Detection Instrument Based on the Firefly Bioluminescent Reaction.” Digest of The Sixth International Conference on Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering, Tokyo, 626-627, 1965.
37. Chappelle, E. and Levin, G.V. The Design and Fabrication of an Instrument for the Detection of Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP).” NAS 5-3799, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD, September 1965.
38. Levin, G.V. “Extraterrestrial Life Detection with Isotopes and Some Aerospace Applications.” Radioisotopes for Aerospace, Part 2: Systems and Applications, 347-357, Plenum Press, New York, 1966.
39. Levin, G.V. “Laboratory Provides Consulting Services and Routine Analysis for Water Pollution Control.” Laboratory Management, November 1966.
40. Levin, G.V. “Water Supply and Water Pollution Control.” The Lincoln Library of Essential Information, The Frontier Press Co., Buffalo, NY, 1966.
41. Levin, G.V. and Perez, G.R. “Life Detection by Means of Metabolic Experiments.” The Search for Extraterrestrial Life, 22, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences Series, 223-251, Am. Astro. Soc., 1967.
42. D’Eustachio, A.J. and Levin, G.V. “Levels of Adenosine Triphosphate During Bacterial Growth.” Abstract, Bacteriological Proceedings, 1967.
43. Levin, G.V. and Shaheen, D.G. “Metabolic Removal of Phosphate from Sewage Effluent.” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, IX, 457-470, 1967.
44. Levin, G.V. “The New Pollution.” Civil Engineering, 68-71, May 1967.
45. Levin, G.V., Chen, C.S., and Davis. G. “Development of the Firefly Bioluminescent Assay for the Rapid, Quantitative Detection of Microbial Contamination of Water.” Aerospace Medical Div., AFSC, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, July 1967.
46. Shapiro, J., Levin, G.V., and Humberto, Z.G. “Anoxically Induced Release of Phosphate in Sewage Treatment.” J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 39, 11, 1810-1818, November 1967.
47. Levin, G.V., Usdin, E. and Slonim, A.R. “Rapid Detection of Microorganisms in Aerospace Water Systems.” Aerospace Medicine, 39, 1, 14-16, January 1968.
48. Chappelle, E.W. and Levin. G.V. “Use of the Firefly Bioluminescent Reaction for Rapid Detection and Counting of Bacteria.” Biochemical Medicine, 2, 1, 41-52, June 1968.
49. Levin, G.V. “Experiments and Instrumentation for Extraterrestrial Life Detection.” Advances in Applied Microbiology, 10, 55-71, Academic Press, New York, 1968.
50. D’Eustachio, A.J. and Levin, G.V. “Rapid Assay of Bacterial Populations.” Abstract, Bacteriological Proceedings, 1968.
51. Levin, G.V. “Automated Microbial Metabolism Laboratory.” Exobiology, 19, 13-28, Science and Technology Series, Am. Astronautical Soc., Tarzana, CA, 1969.
52. Levin, G.V., Simons, D.J. and Plakas, C. “Automated Primary Productivity Measurements in Water Bodies: Phase I. Feasibility and Preliminary Design Studies.” U.S. Atomic Energy Comm., Div. of Technical Information, NYO-3993-1, February 1969.
53. Levin, G.V., Shaheen, D.G., Lindgren, W.A. and Rich, E. “The Detection of Metabolism.” Proc. International Congress for Microbiology, Mexico City, August 1970.
54. Hanel, R.A., et. al. “Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment for Mariner Mars 1971.” Icarus, 12, 48-62, 1970.
55. Levin, G.V. and Cohen, O.P. “Application of Microbiology and Bioengineering Principles to Biological Waste Treatment.” Chem. Engr. Symp. Series, Water - 1970, 67, 107, 131-134, A.I.Ch.E., 1971.
56. Levin, G.V., Cohen, O.P. and Topol, G.J. “Engineering Research for Improving Biological Treatment Plants.” Chem, Engr. Symp. Series, Water - 1970, 67, 107, 581-584, A.I.Ch.E., 1971.
57. Levin, G.V. and Lindgren, W.A. “Automated Primary Productivity Instrument.” Proc. Marine Technology Society, Washington, D.C., August 1971.
58. Levin, G.V. et al. “Automated Primary Productivity Measurements in Water Bodies: Phase II. Design, Fabrication and Test of Demonstration Instrument.” U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information, NYO-3993-2, 1971.
59. Levin, G.V. “Phosphorus Removal by Luxury Uptake - Communication.” J. Water Pollution Control Fed., September 1971.
60. Levin, G.V., et al “Biomass Determination - A New Technique for Activated Sludge Control.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Monitoring, Project No. 17050 EOY, Washington, D.C., January 1972.
61. Hanel, R.A., et al. “Investigation of the Martian Environment by Infrared Spectroscopy on Mariner 9.” Icarus, 17, 423-442, 1972.
62. Hanel, R.A., et al. “Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment on the Mariner 9 Mission: Preliminary Results.” Science, 175, 305-308, January 1972.
63. Levin, G.V. “Waste Aspects.” Water, Man, and Nature, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, U.S. Printing Office Stock No. 2403-0072, 17-21, 1972.
64. Levin, G.V. “Detection of Metabolically Produced Labeled Gas: The Viking Mars Lander.” Icarus, 16, 153-166, 1972.
65. Levin, G.V., “Microorganisms, the Environment, and Private Research and Development.” ASM News, 38, 7, 369-373, July 1972.
66. Levin, G.V., Topol, G.J., Tarnay, A.G. and Samworth, R.B. “Pilot-Plant Tests of a Phosphate Removal Process.” J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 44, 10, 1940-1954, October 1972.
67. Levin, G.V., Topol, G.J. and Tarnay, A.G. “Biological Removal of Phosphates from Wastewaster.” Chemical Technology, 3, 12, 739-744, December 1973.
68. Schrot, J.R., Hess, W.C. and Levin, G.V. “Method for Radiorespirometric Detection of Bacterial in Pure Culture and in Blood.” Appl. Microbiol., 26, 6, 867-873, December 1973.
69. Levin, G.V., Shaheen, D.G., Topol, G.J. and Tarnay, A.G. “Discussion, Pilot Plant Tests for Phosphate Removal Processes.” J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 404, February 1974.
70. Topol, G.J., Levin, G.V. and Tarnay, A.G. “Cut P for Less Money.” Water & Wastes Engineering, 11, 10, 39-40, October 1974.
71. Straat, P.A., Levin, G.V. and Lowman, P.D., Jr. “Mariner 9: Prelude to First Field Test of a General Theory of Biology?” Publication No. X-922-74-310, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD, November 1974.
72. Levin, G.V., Topol, G.J. and Tarney, A.G. “Operation of Full-Scale Biological Phosphorus Removal Plant.” J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 47, 3, 577-590, March 1975.
73. Dimmick, R.L., et. al. “Evidence for Metabolic Activity of Airborne Bacteria.” J. Aerosol Sci., 6, 387-393, Pergamon Press, Great Britain, 1975.
74. Levin, G.V., Schrot, J.R. and Hess, W.C. “Methodology for Application of Adenosine Triphosphate Determination in Wastewater Treatment.” Environmental Science & Technology, 9, 10, 961-965, October 1975.
75. Klein, H.P., et al. “The Viking Mission Search for Life on Mars.” Nature, 262, 5563, 24-27, July 1976.
76. Klein, H.P., et al. “The Viking Biological Investigation: Preliminary Results.” Science, 194, 4260, 99-105, October 1976.
77. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Viking Labeled Release Biology Experiment: Interim Results.” Science, 194, 1322-1329, December 1976.
78. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Labeled Release - An Experiment in Radiorespirometry.” Origins of Life, 7, 293-311, 1976.
79. Levin, G.V. and Hall, J.M. “Quarantine Concepts for a Mars Return Sample Mission.” (COSPAR), Life Sciences and Space Research, XV, 15-19, Pergamon Press, New York, 1977.
80. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Water on Mars and the Viking Biology Experiment.” Proc. Colloquium on Water in Planetary Regoliths, Dartmouth College, October 1976.
81. Decker, J.E., Schrot, J.R. and Levin, G.V. “Identification of Leishmania spp. by Radiorespirometry.” J. Protozool., 24, 3, 463-470, 1977.
82. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Recent Results from the Viking Labeled Release Experiment on Mars.” J. of Geophysical Res., 82, 28, 4663-4667, September 1977.
83. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Life on Mars? The Viking Labeled Release Experiment.” Proc. Fifth International Conf. on the Origin of Life, Kyoto, Japan, April 5-10, 1977, BioSystems, 9, 165-174, 1977.
84. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “The Viking Labeled Release Experiment: Current Status of Flight Data and Laboratory Simulations.” Abstracts of the Annual Meeting, American Society for Microbiology, 95, 1977.
85. 85. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Biology or Chemistry? The Viking Labeled Release Experiment on Mars.” Abstract, XXth Plenary Meeting of COSPAR, Tel Aviv, June 10, 1977.
86. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “The Labeled Release Experiment - New Laboratory and Mars Data.” (COSPAR), Abstract, XXIst Plenary Meeting, Innsburch, May 25, 1978.
87. Levin, G.V., Straat, P.A. and Benton, W.D. “Color and Feature Changes at Mars Viking Lander Site.” J. Theor. Biol., 75, 381-390, 1978.
88. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Viking Mars Labeled Release Results.” Nature, 277, 327, January 1979.
89. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Completion of the Viking Labeled Release Experiment on Mars.” J. Mol. Evol., 14, 167-183, 1979.
90. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Laboratory Simulations of the Viking Labeled Release Experiment: Kinetics Following Second Nutrient Injection and the Nature of the Gaseous End Product.” J. Mol. Evol., 14, 185-197, 1979.
91. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “A Search for a Nonbiological Explanation of the Viking Labeled Release Life Detection Experiment.” Icarus, 45, 494-516, 1981.
92. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Antarctic Soil No. 726 and Implications for the Viking Labeled Release Experiment.” J. Theor. Biol., 91, 41-45, 1981.
93. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “Mars: Is the Obit Premature?” The Sciences, 23, 4, 3, April 1981.
94. Levin, G.V. and Elster, G. “Recent PhoStrip! Process Results in U.S.A. and Europe.” Wat. Sci. Tech., 17, 283-284, 1985.
95. Levin, G.V. and Della Sala, U. “PhoStrip! Process - A Viable Answer to Eutrophication of Lakes and Coastal Sea Waters in Italy.” Biological Phosphate Removal From Wastewaters, 249-259, Pergamon Press, 1987.
96. Levin, G.V. “The Life on Mars Dilemma and The Sample Return Mission.” Proc. Mars Sample Return Science Workshop, Houston, November 16-18, 1987.
97. Levin, G.V. and Straat, P.A. “A Reappraisal of Life on Mars.” The NASA Mars Conference, Science and Technology Series, 71, 186-210, 1988.
98. Levin, G.V. and Lillenthal, S.E. “PhoStrip! System Offers Low Cost Removal of Chesapeake Bay Phosphorus.” Baltimore Engineer, 11-12, February 1988.
99. Levin, G.V. “L-Sugars: Lev-O-Calä.” Alternative Sweeteners, 155-164, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1986.
100. Levin, G.V. and Zehner, L.R. “L-Sugars: Lev-O-Calä.” Alternative Sweeteners, Second Edition, 117-125, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1991.
101. Levin, G.V. “Is Fabulous Food The Next Fountain of Youth?” Leaders, 14, 3, 64-65, July 1991.
102. Levin, G.V. Book Review of Mars Beckons, Spectrum, 27, 11, December, 1990.
103. Levin, G.V. Interview by Barry E. DiGregorio, “Is Mars Alive.” Final Frontier, 48-54, June, 1993.
104. Levin, G.V. Book Review of MARS, Spectrum, November, 1993.
105. Levin, G.V., Zehner, L.R., Saunders, J.P., Beadle, J.R. “Sugar Substitutes, Their Energy Values, Bulk Characteristics and Potential Health Benefits.” Am. J. of Clinical Nutrition, 62(suppl):1161S-85, 1995.
106. Grunthaner, F.J., Ricco, A.J., Butler, M.A., Lane, A.L., McKay, C.P., Zent, A.P., Quinn, R.C., Murray, B., Klein, H.P., Levin, G.V., Terhune, R.W., Homer, M.J., Ksendzov, A., Niedermann, P. “Investigating the Surface Chemistry of Mars.” Analytical Chemistry, October, 1995.
106a. Levin, G.V., Life After Viking: The Evidence Mounts, 287-311 in DiGregorio, B., Mars, the Living Planet, Frog, Ltd. c/o North Atlantic Books, Berkeley (1997).

107. Levin, G.V. “The Viking Labeled Release Experiment and Life on Mars.” Instruments, Methods, and Missions for the Investigation of Extraterrestrial Microorganisms, SPIE Proceedings, 3111, 146-161, July, 1997.
108. Levin, G.V. and R.L. Levin “Liquid Water and Life on Mars.” Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology, SPIE Proceedings, 3441, 30-41, July, 1998.
109. McKay, C.P., F.J. Grunthaner, A.L. Lane, M. Herring, R.K. Bartman, A. Ksendzov, C.M. Manning, J.L. Lamb, R.M. Williams, A.J. Ricco, M.A. Butler, B.C. Murray, R.C. Quinn, A.P. Zent, H.P. Klein and G.V. Levin “The Mars Oxidant experiment (MOx) for Mars ‘96” Planet. Space Sci., 46, No. 6/7, 769-777, 1998.
110. Levin, G.V. “An Unambiguous Martian Life Detection Experiment”, Poster Presentation at The Future Search for Life on Mars, Lunar And Planetary Institute, Houston,. TX, November 2-4, 1998.
111. Saunders, J.P., T.W. Donner, J.H. Sadler, G.V. Levin, and N.G. Makris. “Effects of Acute and Repeated Oral Doses of D-Tagatose on Plasma Uric Acid in Normal and Diabetic Humans” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 29, S57-S65, 1999.
112. Saunders, J.P., L.R. Zehner, and G.V. Levin. “Disposition of D-[U-14C] Tagatose in the Rat” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 29, S46-S56, 1999.
113. Levin, G.V., “Shed Light, Not Heat, on Mars,” Space News, 10, 18, May 10, 1999.
114. Levin, G.V., “Will NASA Unwittingly Confirm Life on Mars?” Space News, 10, 46, December 6, 1999.
115. Levin, G., L. Kuznetz, and A. Lafleur, “Approaches to Resolving the Question of Life on Mars,” Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology, SPIE Proceedings, 4137, 48-62, August 2000.
116. Levin, G.V., Technical Comment: “O2ˉ Ions and the Mars Labeled Release Response,” Science 291, 2041a, March 16, 2001.
117. Levin, G., “Scientific Logic for Life on Mars,” Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology, SPIE Proceedings, 4495, 81-88, July 2001.
118. Levin, G., “The Oxides of Mars,” Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology, SPIE Proceedings, 4495, 131-135, July 2001.
119. Miller, J.D, P.A. Straat, and G.V. Levin, “Periodic Analysis of the Viking Lander Labeled Release Experiment,” Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology, SPIE Proceedings, 4495, 96-107, July 2001.
120. Levin, G.V., “Tagatose, the New GRAS Sweetener and Health Product,” Journal of Medicinal Food 5, 1, 23-36, 2002.
121. Levin, G.V., J.D. Miller, P.A. Straat, and R.E. Hoover, “A Sterile Robotic Mars Soil Analyzer,” Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology, SPIE Proceedings, in press, August 2002.
122. Levin, G.V., “Iron(VI) Seems an Unlikely Explanation for Viking Labeled Release Results,” Icarus 159, 1, 266-267, September 1, 2002.
123. Lu, Y. and G. Levin, “Removal and prevention of dental plaque with D-tagatose,” Int. J. Cos. Sci. 24, 225-234, 2002.

UNITED STATES PATENTS
AWARDED
GILBERT V. LEVIN

PATENT NUMBER TITLE ISSUE DATE
U.S. 2,914,447 Method of Making Bacteriological Determinations 11/24/59
U.S. 3,236,766 Sewage Treatment Process 02/22/66
U.S. 3,565,796 Method for Increasing Oxygen Availability in Sewage Treatment 02/23/71
U.S. 3,575,811 Method for the Detection of Cancer 04/20/71
U.S. 3,654,146 Aerobic Removal of Phosphate from Activated Sludge 04/04/72
U.S. 3,654,147 Nitrate Removal from Sewage 04/04/72
U.S. 3,730,882 Internal Precipitation of Phosphate in Settling Zone 05/01/73
U.S. 3,756,946 Sewage Treatment Process 09/04/73
U.S. 3,779,906 Plastic Moving Surface Treatment of Sewage 12/18/73
U.S. 4,141,822 Phosphate Stripping of Sewage 02/27/79
U.S. 4,200,524 Bio-Surface Separation Process 04/29/80
U.S. 4,262,032 Sweetened Edible Formulations 04/14/81
U.S. 4,294,931 Device for Conducting Microbiological Radiorespirometric Assays 10/13/81
U.S. 4,956,094 Enhanced Phosphate Removal from BOD-Containing Wastewater 09/11/90
U.S. RE 33719 Sweetened Edible Formulations 10/15/91
U.S. 5,166,193 Method for Killing Pests 11/24/92
U.S. 5,215,591 Crystalline Form of D-Gulose 06/01/93
U.S. 5,217,537 Crystalline Form of L-Gulose 06/08/93
U.S. 5,356,879 D-Tagatose as Anti-Hyperglycemic Agent 10/18/94
U.S. 5,447,917 D-Tagatose as Anti-Hyperglycemic Agent 09/05/95
U.S. 5,690,950 Insecticidal Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid Compositions 11/25/97
U.S. 6,015,793 Use of Tagatose to Enhance Key Blood Factors 01/18/00
U.S. 6,225,452 Increased Fertility and Improved Fetal Development Drug 05/01/01
U.S. 6,355,409 Tagatose As A Cytoprotective Supplement For The Storage Of Organs To Reduce Reperfusion Injury 3/12/02