The population in 1975 was about 216 million. The population in 2009 (most recent number) is estimated at about 307 million. A factor of about 1.4.

In constant 2005 dollars (for all numbers that follow), Federal outlays in 1975 were $1.15 trillion. Estimated Federal outlays for 2010 are estimated at about $3.32 trillion. A factor of 2.89.

In 1975, defense spending was $374.2 billion, or about 33 percent of total outlays. In 2010, estimated outlays will be $781.7 billion or about 24 percent of total outlays. The factor of increase is about 2.1.

In 1975, human resources spending (see below) was 568.7 billion, or about 49 percent of total outlays. In 2010, estimated human resources spending will be 2.13 trillion, or about 64 percent of outlays. The factor of increase in human resources spending is 3.75.

Tax rates are irrelevant. Again, the problem is not that we have failed to kill and eat enough rich people.

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Below is a list of what the Federal budget considers "human resource spending." I have cooked the numbers a bit: the government considers veterans benefits to be "human resources spending," but I think it's properly part of defense spending, and so I subtracted veteran's benefits from human resources and added it to the defense numbers.

-Education, training, employment, and social services
-Health
-Medicare
-Income security
-Social security

Source: Federal budget historical tables, in particular Table 1.3 and Table 3.1.

I had to manually grind the defense and human resources spending through a separate inflation calculator. If I flubbed a number, please post any corrections.